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1.
Psicol. reflex. crit ; 34: 36, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: biblio-1356630

ABSTRACT

In this study, we compared visual pictorial size perception between healthy volunteers (CG) and an experimental group (EG) of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. We have been using paintings by Salvador Dalí and Rorschach plates to estimate visual pictorial size perception. In this transversal, ex post facto, and quasi-experimental study, we observed differences between EG and CG. Schizophrenic in-patients perceived sizes about 1.3-fold greater than healthy volunteers (p=0.006), implying that pictorial size perception is altered in some way in schizophrenia. Considering the present and previous results, this measurement of diameter size of first pictorial perception may be a useful estimate of some aspects of perceptual alterations that may be associated with psychotic symptoms in prodromal and acute schizophrenic episodes and other related mental states. Eventually, this may help in preventing people from evolving to acute episodes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Paintings/psychology , Schizophrenia , Schizophrenic Psychology , Visual Perception/physiology , Size Perception/physiology
2.
Rev. bras. cir. plást ; 33(1): 39-47, jan.-mar. 2018. ilus, tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-883636

ABSTRACT

Introdução: O dorso reto tem sido sempre um ideal na rinoplastia estética. A simples remoção da giba tem sido o método clássico e mais utilizado, mas pode ter consequências estéticas e funcionais adversas. Ainda existe grande resistência a procedimentos de aumento, porque a maioria dos pacientes solicitam redução e porque os benefícios de melhoria do equilíbrio nasal pelo aumento não são intuitivos. Um nariz aumentado pode parecer menor, o que é um benefício em particular em pacientes com pele espessa ou com o aspecto de terço inferior grande. Por outro lado, a percepção de redução com o aumento do radix e da ponta é muito comum, embora nunca tenha sido medida. Métodos: Esse estudo cria intervenções gráficas e reais para criar um dorso reto por meio do aumento do radix e da ponta e analisa como os pacientes e observadores independentes percebem as modificações. Analisou-se uma amostra de 42 casos consecutivos de rinoplastia. Desses, foram incluídos os que tinham dorso convexo e eram cirurgias primárias, restando 9 casos. Resultados: Houve aumento médio de 6,5% no tamanho do nariz na após a modificação gráfica, enquanto houve percepção de redução do nariz (p = 0,004). Houve aumento médio de 1% após a rinoplastia, enquanto houve percepção de redução. Conclusão: A retificação do dorso nasal pelo aumento do radix e da ponta causa percepção de redução do nariz.


Introduction: A straight bridge has always been the aesthetic ideal. Simple hump removal, the classical and most commonly applied method, can have aesthetic and functional consequences. However, great resistance to augmentation procedures persists because most patients request reduction and the benefits of improving nasal balance are counterintuitive. An augmented nose can look smaller, a particular benefit in patients with thick, inelastic skin or a large lower nose. On the other hand, decreased size perception after raising of the radix and tip is very common but has not been measured to date. Methods: This study created graphic and real interventions to achieve a straight bridge through radix and tip raising and analyzed how patients and independent observers perceive these changes. A sample of 42 sequential rhinoplasty patients was analyzed, including nine cases of primary surgery and dorsal convexity. Results: There was a 6.5% mean augmentation after graphic computing intervention but a perception of size reduction (p = 0.004). There was a 1% mean augmentation after rhinoplasty and an overall size reduction perception. Conclusion: Correction of the nasal dorsum, making a straight bridge through slightly increasing radix and tip, creates the perception of a decreased nose size.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , History, 21st Century , Rhinoplasty , Surgical Procedures, Operative , Size Perception , Nose , Plastic Surgery Procedures , Nasal Cartilages , Rhinoplasty/adverse effects , Rhinoplasty/methods , Surgical Procedures, Operative/adverse effects , Surgical Procedures, Operative/methods , Size Perception/classification , Nose/abnormalities , Nose/surgery , Plastic Surgery Procedures/adverse effects , Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods , Nasal Cartilages/anatomy & histology , Nasal Cartilages/abnormalities , Nasal Cartilages/surgery
3.
Rev. Nutr. (Online) ; 29(3): 415-424, mai.-jun. 2016. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-782912

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Objetivo Validar fotografias de um guia fotográfico de alimentos para estimativa do consumo alimentar. Métodos As fotografias de 12 alimentos (bolo simples, macarrão ao sugo, mamão formosa, melancia, repolho roxo ralado, quiabo refogado, churrasco em tiras, filé de frango grelhado, pudim de leite condensado, pizza, amendoim cru e queijo tipo minas), retratadas em três tamanhos de porções (pequena, média e grande), foram avaliadas por 90 indivíduos adultos. Foram também investigados o peso, a estatura e o sexo dos participantes. Para análise de concordância entre o tamanho da porção do alimento retratado nas fotos e o tamanho real do alimento, utilizou-se o teste Kappa. Os dados foram analisados no software Stata, considerando-se p <0,05. Resultados A maior prevalência de acerto foi para as preparações pizza (87,8%), churrasco (80,0%), filé de frango e pudim (75,5%). Já os alimentos com menor percentual de acertos foram a melancia (52,2%), o mamão formosa e o bolo (57,8%). A concordância geral entre a percepção do tamanho da porção do alimento e o tamanho real do alimento foi de 0,622 ( p <0,001). A percepção não foi influenciada pelo sexo e pelo estado nutricional dos participantes ( p >0,05). Conclusão As 12 fotografias apresentaram uma boa concordância com as porções dos alimentos e podem ser um instrumento útil para aumentar a acurácia dos relatos do consumo alimentar.


ABSTRACT Objective Validate photographs of a photographic guide of foods to estimate food consumption. Methods The photos of 12 foods (simple cake, pasta to suck, papaya, watermelon, grated purple cabbage, okra stew, barbecue into strips, grilled chicken, condensed milk pudding, pizza, raw peanuts and cheese type mines), pictured in three portion sizes (small, medium and large), were evaluated for 90 adult subjects. The weight, height and gender of the participants also were investigated. For analysis of agreement between the size of the food portion pictured in the photos and the actual size of the food used the Kappa test. Data were analyzed using Stata software, considering p<0.05. Results The highest prevalence was hit for pizza preparations (87.8%), barbecue (80.0%) chicken fillet and pudding (75.5%), while foods with a lower percentage of correct answers were watermelon (52.2%), the papaya and cake (57.8%). The overall agreement between the perception of the size of the food portion and the actual size of the food was 0.622 (p<0.001). The perception was not influenced by sex and nutritional status of participants (p>0,05). Conclusion We conclude that the 12 photographs showed a good agreement with the portions of food and can be a useful instrument to increase the accuracy of dietary intake reports.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Size Perception , Food Guide , Photograph , Portion Size/statistics & numerical data
4.
Fortaleza; s.n; 2016. 102 p. ilus, tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-972000

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO : A rinoplastia estética, de forma sistemática, começou com Jaques Joseph (fin al do s é c . XIX). Tratava - se de modelo redutor, que perdurou por décadas. Em consequência, surgiram diversas sequelas funcionais e estét icas, que conduziram à busca por alternativas mais estruturadas. No entanto, existem resistências às técnicas de aumento, em parte devido ao receio de contrariar a busca por um nariz pequeno e delicado, que já faz parte do imaginário dos pacientes. Contudo , sabe - se que o aumento do radix pode causar a impressão de redução da base nasal e que o aumento do mento pode causar a impressão de redução da projeção nasal. Entretanto, essas observações não foram testadas com estudos dirigidos. Nesse estudo, foi testada a hipótese de que procedimentos de aumento de radix e da ponta podem causar a impressão de que houve redução do nariz, mesmo tendo havido aumento. MÉTODOS : A amostra foi composta por nove pacientes submetidos a rinoplastia, com finalidade es tética, com dorso convexo na sua porção proximal ou média, que foram submetidos a enxerto de radix e de ponta . Com a utilização do programa Doctor View, a imagem pré - operatória foi modificada com aumento de radix e de ponta, sem qualquer procedimento de re dução. As nove imagens de antes e depois das modificações foram apresentadas a seis examinadores cegos para a metodologia (total de 54 avaliações) e eles classificaram as imagens modificadas em uma das cinco categorias: - 2 (muito menor que antes); - 1 (me nor que antes); 0 (do mesmo tamanho que antes); 1 (um pouco maior que antes); 2 (muito maior que antes). Em seguida, foi realizada uma fase real de estudo, na qual a intervenção consistiu na rinoplastia nos mesmos pacientes, com enxerto de radix e de po nta e algumas outras manobras julgadas necessárias em cada caso. As avaliações seguiram o mesmo método, mas cada paciente avaliou seu próprio resultado após três meses da cirurgia...


INTRODUCTION : The systematic use of aesthetic rhinoplasty began with Jaques Joseph (end of sec XIX). It was a reducing model, which lasted for decades. As a result, there were various functional and aesthetic consequences, leading to th e search for a more structured alternative. However, there is still resistance to augmentation techniques, in part for the fear of going against the patient ’s ideal, which is a small and delicate nose. However, it is known that increasing the radix may cau se a n apparent reduction in nasal base and that increas ing the chin may cause an apparent reduction of nasal projection. However, these observations have not been tested in specific studies yet . In th e current study, we tested the hypothesis that radix and tip augmentation procedures can cause the impression that there was a reduction of the nose, despite the augmentation. METHODS : The sample consist ed of 9 patients who underwent rhinoplasty with aesthetic purpose, with dorsal convexity at its proximal or m iddle area, who underwent radix and tip grafts and did not require further surgery. There were two subsequent phases. In the virtual phase, the shape of the preoperative nose was subjected to increasing radix and tip without any reduction procedure, throug h imaging software. The nine before and after pictures were presented to six examiners blinded to the methodology (total of 54 ratings) and they rated the modified images in one of five categories: - 2 (much smaller than before); - 1 (a little smaller than b efore); 0 (the same size as before); 1 (slightly bigger than before); 2 (much bigger than before). In the real phase of the study , the intervention consisted in rhinoplasty (the same patients) with radix and tip grafts and some other maneuvers required in each case. Evaluations followed the same method, but each patient evaluated their own results after three months of surgery...


Subject(s)
Humans , Rhinoplasty , Nose , Esthetics , Nasal Surgical Procedures , Size Perception
5.
São Paulo med. j ; 133(2): 84-90, Mar-Apr/2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-746642

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Many men seek medical treatments complaining that their penises are too small (short) when in fact they are not (they are not cases of micropenis). The objective of the present study was to evaluate men's satisfaction with their own bodies and sex life and the prevalence of erectile dysfunction, among men who were not seeking medical or psychological advice. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in a private, philanthropic hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: In this study, 300 male blood donors aged between 40 and 60 years old answered a questionnaire, in privacy, about their sex life and their satisfaction with their own bodies. They were also screened for erectile dysfunction by means of the International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire. RESULTS: Seven men (2.3%) reported that they were dissatisfied with their penis size (they thought that it was small), and among these, one was found to have mild erectile dysfunction. However, none of them had sought medical attention. Among these seven, only two had normal body mass index; the other five were overweight (three) or obese (two). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of dissatisfaction with penis size was low. Among the seven dissatisfied men, only one had erectile dysfunction, of mild type, and all of them felt potent. .


CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Muitos homens buscam tratamento médico com a queixa de que seus pênis são muito pequenos (curtos), quando na verdade não são (não são casos de micropênis). O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a satisfação com o próprio corpo e vida sexual e a prevalência de disfunção erétil entre homens que não estavam buscando aconselhamento médico ou psicológico. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal, em um hospital privado filantrópico em São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo, 300 homens doadores de sangue, com idade entre 40 e 60 anos, responderam um questionário, em privacidade, sobre sua vida sexual e satisfação com o próprio corpo. Eles também foram rastreados para disfunção erétil por meio do questionário International Index of Erectile Function. RESULTADOS: Sete homens (2,3%) disseram estar insatisfeitos com o tamanho de seus pênis (achavam que era pequeno), e entre estes, um tinha disfunção erétil leve. Entretanto, nenhum deles procurou aten-dimento médico. Entre esses sete, somente dois estavam com índice de massa corporal normal, três estavam com sobrepeso e dois eram obesos. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de insatisfação com o tamanho do pênis foi pequena. Entre os sete homens insatisfeitos, apenas um tinha disfunção erétil, leve, e todos se sentiam potentes. .


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Penis/anatomy & histology , Personal Satisfaction , Sexual Behavior/psychology , Size Perception , Body Mass Index , Body Size/physiology , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Erectile Dysfunction/psychology , Organ Size , Pilot Projects , Sexual Partners/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires
6.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 47(4): 321-327, 8/4/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-705767

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to assess contrast sensitivity for angular frequency stimuli as well as for sine-wave gratings in adults under the effect of acute ingestion of alcohol. We measured the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) for gratings of 0.25, 1.25, 2.5, 4, 10, and 20 cycles per degree of visual angle (cpd) as well as for angular frequency stimuli of 1, 2, 4, 24, 48, and 96 cycles/360°. Twenty adults free of ocular diseases, with normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity, and no history of alcoholism were enrolled in two experimental groups: 1) no alcohol intake (control group) and 2) alcohol ingestion (experimental group). The average concentration of alcohol in the experimental group was set to about 0.08%. We used a paradigm involving a forced-choice method. Maximum sensitivity to contrast for sine-wave gratings in the two groups occurred at 4 cpd sine-wave gratings and at 24 and 48 cycles/360° for angular frequency stimuli. Significant changes in contrast sensitivity were observed after alcohol intake compared with the control condition at spatial frequency of 4 cpd and 1, 24, and 48 cycles/360° for angular frequency stimuli. Alcohol intake seems to affect the processing of sine-wave gratings at maximum sensitivity and at the low and high frequency ends for angular frequency stimuli, both under photopic luminance conditions.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Alcohol Drinking/physiopathology , Alcohol Drinking/psychology , Contrast Sensitivity/drug effects , Fourier Analysis , Color Vision/drug effects , Ethanol/analysis , Psychophysics/methods , Review Literature as Topic , Size Perception , Task Performance and Analysis , Visual Acuity , Visual Perception/drug effects
7.
Psicol. reflex. crit ; 25(1): 182-187, 2012. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-624436

ABSTRACT

Foram investigados os efeitos do gradiente de textura e da posição do estímulo teste com relação à linha do horizonte na percepção de tamanho relativo. Pelo método das escadas duplas, cinquenta voluntários ajustaram o tamanho de uma barra apresentada acima, abaixo ou no nível do horizonte para que fosse percebida do mesmo tamanho que uma barra apresentada no campo visual inferior. Os estímulos foram apresentados por 100ms sobre cinco fundos de tela. O gradiente de perspectiva contribuiu mais para a superestimação de tamanho relativo que o gradiente de compressão. Os tamanhos dos objetos que interceptavam a linha do horizonte foram superestimados. O sistema visual mostrou-se bastante eficaz em extrair informações de profundidade da perspectiva, fazendo-o mesmo em apresentações muito breves.


We investigated the effects of texture gradient and the position of test stimulus in relation to the horizon on the perception of relative sizes. By using the staircase method, 50 participants adjusted the size of a bar presented above, below or on the horizon as it could be perceived in the same size of a bar presented in the lower visual field. Stimuli were presented during 100ms on five background conditions. Perspective gradient contributed more to the overestimation of relative sizes than compression gradient. The sizes of the objects which intercepted the horizon line were overestimated. Visual system was very effective in extracting information from perspective depth cues, making it even during very brief exposure.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Depth Perception , Size Perception , Visual Perception , Universities , Students/psychology
8.
Braz. j. phys. ther. (Impr.) ; 15(1): 37-44, Jan.-Feb. 2011. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-582726

ABSTRACT

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: Objetos influenciam nos ajustes do alcance de lactentes, no entanto ainda não se investigou se esses ajustes se modificam em crianças com mais idade. OBJETIVOS: Verificar se o tamanho e a rigidez dos objetos influenciam os ajustes proximais e distais do alcance dos 6 aos 8 meses e aos 36 meses de idade. MÉTODOS: A nove crianças saudáveis foram apresentados: um objeto rígido grande, um rígido pequeno, um maleável grande e um maleável pequeno. Os alcances foram filmados e posteriormente analisados qualitativamente quanto aos ajustes proximais (alcance uni e bimanual) e distais (orientação da mão horizontalizada, verticalizada e oblíqua; mão aberta, semiaberta e fechada) e a preensão desses objetos (com e sem). Foram aplicados o Teste de Friedman e as comparações múltiplas de Dunn, considerando-se 0,05 como diferença significativa. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se que, aos 36 meses, houve mais alcances unimanuais do que nas idades anteriores e, em todas as idades, os alcances unimanuais foram realizados principalmente para os objetos pequenos. Aos 36 meses, as crianças orientaram a mão horizontalizada para tocar e apreender os objetos, enquanto que, aos 6 e 7 meses, a orientação foi oblíqua para tocar e verticalizada para apreendê-los, independentemente das propriedades dos objetos. No decorrer dos meses, tanto no início quanto no final do alcance, as mãos tornaram-se mais abertas, principalmente para tocar o objeto rígido grande, e as crianças realizaram cada vez mais alcances com preensão, principalmente para os objetos maleáveis ou objetos pequenos. CONCLUSÕES: De 6 a 36 meses, os alcances tornaram-se mais refinados e ajustados às propriedades mais discrepantes dos objetos apresentados, o que se observou pelas modificações nos ajustes proximais e distais.


BACKGROUND: It has been found that objects influence the adjustments to reaching of breastfeeding infants, however, it has not been investigated whether these adjustments change in older infants. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether the size and rigidity of objects influence the proximal and distal adjustments to reaching of infants of 6, 7, 8 and 36 months of age. METHODS: Nine healthy infants were presented with: one large rigid, one small rigid, one large malleable and one small malleable object. The movements were videotaped and later analyzed qualitatively with regard to proximal (unimanual and bimanual reaching) and distal adjustments (horizontal, vertical and oblique hand orientation, opened, half-open and closed hand) and with regard to grasping of these objects (with and without). Friedman test and Dunn multiple comparisons were applied and 0.05 was considered as a significant difference. RESULTS: Infants of 36 months of age performed more unimanual reaching than younger infants. Additionally, at all ages, unimanual reaching was particularly performed for small objects. At 36 months of age infants guided the hand horizontally to touch and grasp the objects, while at 6 and 7 months the hand orientation was oblique to touch and vertical to grasp the objects, regardless of the object's properties. Over the months, both at the beginning and at the end of reaching, the hands became more open, especially to touch the large rigid object, and infants increasingly performed reaching with successful grasping, especially for malleable or small objects. CONCLUSIONS: From 6 to 36 months of age, the reaching became more refined and the infants adjusted to the different properties of the objects which were observed through changes in the proximal and distal adjustments.


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Hand/physiology , Movement/physiology , Size Perception/physiology , Space Perception/physiology , Adaptation, Physiological
9.
Psicol. reflex. crit ; 24(1): 151-160, 2011. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-596094

ABSTRACT

Ao se olhar o mundo monocularmente, não se percebe que há uma mancha cega no campo visual correspondente ao disco óptico, região da retina em que não há fotorreceptores. Ao contrário, bordas e padrões de superfícies são percebidos como se fossem detectados por fotorreceptores, fenômeno denominado preenchimento perceptivo. Para investigar se o preenchimento perceptivo distorce o espaço percebido, trinta adultos tiveram suas manchas cegas do olho direito mapeadas e fizeram as comparações de tamanho de pares de barras horizontais em condição monocular direita. Os resultados apontam uma assimetria lateral no campo visual central do olho direito nas comparações de tamanho e que o preenchimento perceptivo na mancha cega não distorce o espaço visual percebido.


When looking at the world monocularly, we do not perceive that there is a blind spot in the visual field corresponding to the optic disc, the region of the retina where there are no photoreceptors. In contrast, we perceive edges and patterns of surfaces as if were detected by photoreceptors. This phenomenon is called filling-in. To investigate whether the filling-in distorts space perception, thirty adults had their right eye blind spots mapped and they compared the length of two horizontal bars under right monocular viewing condition. The results point out a lateral asymmetry in the central visual field of the right eye in length comparisons and that the filling-in effect at the blind spot does not distort visual space perception.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Photoreceptor Cells , Retina , Size Perception , Visual Fields , Visual Perception
10.
Journal of the Korean Academy of Family Medicine ; : 424-430, 2008.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-186799

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Body image, a personal perception of the body shape, is known to influence motive to control body weight. This study aimed to evaluate perception of body image according to the weight status in children. METHODS: The study participants were 442 Korean boys and girls enrolled in 2nd or 6th grade of a primary school. Heights and weights were measured by standardized method. Each child was asked to fill in a questionnaire asking about the factors which might be probably related to body image and to select a figure reflecting their current and ideal images among 7 drawings grading the extent of fatness. Weight status was classified using the age- and gender-specific cut-off points of the International Obesity Task Force based on the body mass index calculated. Chi-square test and multiple linear logistic regression test were performed. RESULTS: Among the subjects, 17% of the children were overweight, and 4.3% were obese. Among the overweight or obesity group, the children who chose figures corresponding to fatty body image were 4% and 32%, respectively, and the children who wanted to be thinner were 27% and 47%, respectively. Only the previous trial for weight reduction was independently associated with body image distortion defined as being satisfied with current body image in overweight or obese children. CONCLUSION: Safe and systematic efforts providing children with adequate body image perception would be needed to prevent and manage the obesity problem, especially for overweight or obese children who think their body images as normal or who were satisfied with their current body images.


Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Advisory Committees , Body Image , Body Mass Index , Body Weight , Logistic Models , Obesity , Overweight , Size Perception , Weight Loss , Weights and Measures , Surveys and Questionnaires
11.
Rev. venez. oncol ; 19(4): 302-312, oct.-dic. 2007.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-492947

ABSTRACT

Demostrar que existen factores clínicopatológicos para predecir metástasis ganglionares axilares en tumores de mama de más o menos 20 mm, de diámetro y también que la disección axilar es un procedimiento innecesario en la mayoría de estas pacientes, que puede omitirse con seguridad en aquellas pacientes con factores pronósticos favorables. Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo, revisándose los reportes macroscópicos, microscópicos, e inmunohistoquímica en los bloques celulares de pacientes con carcinoma mamario de tamaño hasta 20 mm tratadas en el Instituto Oncológico "Dr. Luis Razzeti", entre enero 2000 y diciembre de 2003, determinándose factores que influyen en la aparición de metástasis axilares, realizándose análisis de uni y multivariables. El trabajo consistió en una población de 121 pacientes, con una edad media de 57 años, 50 (41,32 por ciento) que presentaron metástasis ganglionar axilar; los factores que se relacionaron con ganglios axilares positivos en el análisis de univariables fueron: grado histológico y nuclear, invasión linfovascular, índice mitótico elevado y tumores aneuploides (P< 0,05). En el análisis de multivariables, la invasión linfovascular y el índice mitótico, elevado y la aneuploidía fueron los factores independientes para predecir metástasis axilar (P< 0,001). La invasión linfovascular es el principal factor predictivo de metástasis ganglionar axilar en cáncer de mama clasificado como T1, esto combinado con otros factores como índice mitótico y ploidía tumoral, nos pueden indicar a que pacientes se les puede omitir con seguridad la disección axilar y evitar así las complicaciones.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Axilla , Ganglia , Neoplasm Metastasis , Breast Neoplasms , Size Perception , Prognosis , Medical Oncology , Venezuela
12.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 57(2): 163-167, jun. 2007. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-473600

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to determine whether a short training program, using real foods, would decreased their portion-size estimation errors after training. 90 student volunteers (20.18±0.44 y old) of the University of the Basque Country (Spain) were trained in observational techniques and tested in food-weight estimation during and after a 3-hour training period. The program included 57 commonly consumed foods that represent a variety of forms (125 different shapes). Estimates of food weight were compared with actual weights. Effectiveness of training was determined by examining change in the absolute percentage error for all observers and over all foods over time. Data were analyzed using SPSS vs. 13.0. The portion-size errors decreased after training for most of the foods. Additionally, the accuracy of their estimates clearly varies by food group and forms. Amorphous was the food type estimated least accurately both before and after training. Our findings suggest that future dietitians can be trained to estimate quantities by direct observation across a wide range of foods. However this training may have been too brief for participants to fully assimilate the application.


El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar si un programa de entrenamiento breve, con alimentos reales, podría reducir el error en la estimación de raciones tras el entrenamiento. 90 estudiantes voluntarios(20,18±0,44 años) de la Universidad del País Vasco (España) recibieron un entrenamiento en técnicas observacionales, y se valoró su capacidad para estimar el peso de alimentos durante y después de un periodo de tres horas de entrenamiento. Dicho programa incluyó 57 alimentos de consumo habitual que representan una amplia variedad de formas (125 formas diferentes). Los pesos estimados se compararon con los pesos reales y la efectividad del programa se determinó examinando los cambios en el porcentaje de error absoluto a lo largo del tiempo. Los datos se analizaron con el programa SPSS vs. 13.0. Los errores en la estimación de raciones disminuyeron tras el entrenamiento para la mayoría de los alimentos. Además, la precisión en la estimación varió ampliamente según el grupo de alimentos y las formas. Los alimentos que se estimaron con menor precisión fueron los amorfos, tanto antes como después del entrenamiento. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el programa de entrenamiento implementado para la estimación de raciones en un amplio rango de alimentos por observación directa resulta eficaz en futuros dietistas. Sin embargo, este entrenamiento pudo ser demasiado breve para que los participantes asimilaran su aplicación.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Dietetics/education , Food , Observer Variation , Size Perception
13.
J Health Popul Nutr ; 2007 Mar; 25(1): 112-5
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-648

ABSTRACT

In this observational study, estimation of food intake was evaluated using recording of portion size consumed, instead of post-weighing, as a method. In total, 930 feeding episodes were observed among 128 children aged 12-24 months in which actual intake was available by pre- and post-weighing. For each offering and feeding episode, portion size consumed was recorded by an independent nutritionist-as none, less than half, half or more, and all. Using the pre-weighed offering, available intake was estimated by multiplying portion sizes by the estimated weight. The estimated mean intake was 510.4 kilojoules compared to actual intake of 510.7 kilojoules by weighing. Similar results were found with nestum (52.0 vs 56.2 g), bread (3.8 vs 3.7 g), puffed rice (1.7 vs 1.9 g), banana (31.3 vs 24.4 g), and milk (41.6 vs 44.2 mL). Recording portion size consumed and estimating food intake from that provides a good alternative to the time-consuming and often culturally-unacceptable method of post-weighing food each time after a feeding episode.


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Diet Records , Diet Surveys , Energy Intake/physiology , Female , Food/classification , Humans , India , Infant , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Male , Nutrition Assessment , Nutritional Status , Observer Variation , Size Perception
14.
Psicol. reflex. crit ; 20(1): 35-42, 2007. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-461182

ABSTRACT

Comparações de tamanhos relativos em espaços representados pictoricamente foram investigadas sob influência de informações de profundidade. Quarenta participantes ajustaram, pelo método das escadas, os tamanhos de retângulos brancos no campo visual superior para serem percebidos como iguais aos tamanhos de cartas de baralho apresentadas no campo visual inferior. Durante a apresentação dos estímulos, informações pictóricas de profundidade eram disponibilizadas no fundo da tela do computador e os participantes foram solicitados a tipificar a estratégia utilizada para julgar os tamanhos percebidos. A linha do horizonte e o gradiente de linhas de perspectiva favoreceram a superestimação dos tamanhos percebidos em cerca de 8 por cento e 12 por cento, respectivamente, e as comparações de tamanho foram coerentes com a constância de tamanho.


Comparisons of relative size in pictorial spaces under the influence of depth cues were investigated. Using the staircase method, 40 participants adjusted the sizes of blank cards presented in the upper visual field to the size of playing cards presented in the lower visual field. During the presentation of the stimuli, pictorial depth cues were displayed in the computer screen and participants were asked to typify the strategy used to judge the perceived sizes. The horizon and the perspective line gradient contributed to the overestimation of the perceived size of blank cards in about 8 and 12 percent, respectively, and size comparisons were coherent with the constancy of size.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Distance Perception , Size Perception , Visual Perception
15.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 33(3): 473-479, dic. 2006. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-451548

ABSTRACT

The complexity of the human diet has instigated researchers to look for a more adequate way to qualitatively and quantitatively assess food consumption and nutrient adequacy, and to relate diet to health. The objective of this study was to assess the diet quality through the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) of 35 preschool children attending a non-profit day care center on Paquetá Island (state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) at the moment of enrolling and after six-month by comparing food consumption during weekdays and on the weekend. The dietary assessment was obtained by food history (at the moment of enrolling) using weighed food record method complementing it with information about nutrition at home (after the children's six-month attendance in the day care center) and by food records (on the weekend at home). Later, HEI was determined at the two time points. After the children's six-month attendance in the day care center the mean HEI showed that diet quality was good (score of 88.8). At the moment of enrolling and on weekends, the diet quality needed improvement. Despite the improvement of the diet quality during weekdays, this study demonstrated that the healthful dietary habits are not carried into the weekend at home.


La complejidad de la dieta humana incita a los investigadores a buscar los medios más adecuados para evaluar cualitativa y cuantitativamente no sólo el consumo de los alimentos y la adecuación de nutrientes, sino relacionar la ausencia de salud con la dieta. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad de la dieta a través del uso del Indice de Alimentación Saludable (IAS) [Healthy Eating Index - HEI] de 35 preescolares de una guardería filantrópica, en el acto de matrícula y después de 6 meses de frecuencia. Se comparó el consumo dietético durante y al final de la semana. La evaluación dietética se obtuvo con la historia alimentaria (preguntada al momento de matricularse) con el método de pesaje directo de los alimentos, complementada con el consumo alimentario en casa (después de 6 meses en la guardería) y por el registro de alimentación del fin de semana. Se determinó el IAS en los dos momentos de la investigación (al matricularse y después de 6 meses en la guardería). Se observó después de 6 meses de frecuencia de los niños en la guardería que el promedio del IAS demostró una buena calidad de la dieta (puntuación 88,8). Al matricularse y en los finales de semana, quedó demostrado que es necesario mejorar la calidad de la dieta de los niños. Se concluye que a pesar de la mejor calidad dietética durante la semana este estudio demostró que los hábitos alimentarios saludables no se practican durante el fin de semana en su casa.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Diet Surveys , Food Quality , Nutrition Assessment , Schools, Nursery , Whole Foods , Brazil , Diet Records , Health Status Indicators , Feeding Behavior , Size Perception , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Time Factors
16.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 33(3): 480-487, dic. 2006. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-451549

ABSTRACT

The aim of this research was to validate the usefulness of a food photograph atlas for the estimation of food portion sizes. The instrument was tested in 76 adults, of whom 34 were professionals and 42 had only primary school education. Selected foods were weighed before its intake and later on a questionnaire was made about food portion sizes using the food photograph atlas. Total corrected answers were 60.9 percent in the university group and 52.7 percent in the primary school group (p=0.07). Correlation between real weight and the estimated weight for the total observations was good [r =0.722 (p=0.003)] and percentage of variation between both weights had a range of - 29 percent to + 256 percent. Food photograph models give an approximation to food portion sizes, so they are useful instruments to be use in nutritional surveys.


La finalidad de esta investigación fue validar la utilidad de un atlas fotográfico para estimar el peso de las porciones de alimentos. El instrumento se probó en 76 adultos; de los cuales 34 eran profesionales y 42 eran personas con estudios primarios. Los alimentos seleccionados se pesaron previo a su consumo y posteriormente se indagó sobre la cantidad recibida, utilizando para la estimación las fotografías del atlas. El porcentaje de observaciones acertadas fue del 60.9 por ciento en el grupo con estudios universitarios y del 52.7 por ciento en el grupo con estudios primarios (p= 0.07). La correlación hallada para el total de estimaciones entre el peso estimado y el peso real fue elevada y significativa r =0.722 (p=0.003) y el porcentaje de variación entre ambos pesos tuvo un rango de - 29 por ciento a + 256 por ciento. Los modelos fotográficos de alimentos ofrecen una aproximación a las porciones consumidas, por lo que resultan un instrumento de utilidad para la realización de encuestas alimentarias.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Adult , Diet Records , Diet Surveys , Models, Biological , Size Perception , Age and Sex Distribution , Argentina , Eating , Educational Status , Photography , Reproducibility of Results , Socioeconomic Factors
17.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 69(6): 907-914, nov.-dez. 2006. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-440431

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Elaborar e validar teste computadorizado para medida da acuidade visual de escolares. MÉTODOS: Foi elaborado teste computadorizado para determinação da acuidade visual utilizando os padrões das tabelas logarítmicas impressas adotadas na clínica oftalmológica. Foram avaliados 90 alunos da primeira série do ensino básico, oito estudantes do curso de Tecnologia Oftálmica da UNIFESP-EPM e 10 pacientes do ambulatório de Estrabismo do Departamento de Oftalmologia da UNIFESP-EPM. Todos os sujeitos foram avaliados pelo mesmo examinador e submetidos ao exame de acuidade visual monocular, pela tabela logarítmica de optotipos E impressa e do novo teste computadorizado no mesmo momento. Os participantes forneceram os seus consentimentos após esclarecimento. RESULTADOS: As análises estatísticas revelaram correlação excelente (r>0,75) entre os dois métodos, apesar da leve tendência apresentada pelo teste computadorizado em superestimar a acuidade visual quando comparado com o padrão-ouro. O teste computadorizado apresentou sensibilidade de 100 por cento e especificidade de 94 por cento. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados obtidos nos permitem dizer que o teste computadorizado pode ser utilizado como novo recurso para triagem da qualidade visual dos escolares, por ser método rápido, de fácil aplicação, barato, automático e atrativo para as crianças. A automatização desvincula o aplicador da interpretação das respostas dadas pelo aluno testado, garante padronização do procedimento, que favorece as análises de acompanhamento e pode ser realizado por diferentes examinadores. Para melhor compreensão da efetividade do teste como instrumento de triagem visual, seria interessante instituí-lo nas escolas do curso básico, após treinamento dos professores para sua aplicação.


PURPOSE: To elaborate and to validate a computerized test for visual acuity screening of school-age children. METHODS: We have created a computerized test for visual acuity assessment with optotypes arranged as those of printed logarithmic charts used in ophthalmic clinic. Ninety seven-year-old students, 8 normal adult volunteers and 10 patients from the Strabismus sector of the Federal University of São Paulo were evaluated by the same examiner and submitted to the visual acuity test through printed visual acuity logarithmic tumble "E" chart and the new computerized test at the same time. Written consent was obtained after clarification about the research project. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed excellent correlation between the two methods (r>0.75) besides the slight trend of the computerized test to overestimate visual acuity when compared with the gold standard. Sensitivity of the computerized test was 100 percent (correctly identified 6 eyes with poor visual acuity) and specificity was 94 percent. CONCLUSION: The computerized test can be used as a new clinical tool for visual acuity screening of school-age children and it is fast, easy to perform and inexpensive, besides being more attractive for children. The method releases the examiner from the interpretation of the subject's answers and ensures the procedure's standardization even when more than one examiner performs the test. To better understand the effectiveness of this method for visual screening, one option would be to introduce it in elementary schools, after training the teachers to perform this test.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/standards , Vision Disorders/diagnosis , Vision Screening/standards , Vision Tests/methods , Visual Acuity/physiology , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/economics , Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/methods , Mathematics , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Strabismus , Size Perception/physiology , Vision Disorders/prevention & control , Vision Screening/economics , Vision Screening/methods
18.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 68(6): 777-783, nov.-dez. 2005. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-420186

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVOS: Construir e validar a tabela "Minnesota Low Vision Reading Test" - MNREAD na versão do idioma Português. MÉTODOS: A tabela de acuidade e leitura do "Minnesota Low Vision Reading Test" contém 19 sentenças (logMAR 0,5 a 1,3) com 60 caracteres impressos em três linhas. Todas as sentenças devem possuir o mesmo comprimento e vocabulário simples. Foi construído um total de 110 sentenças. As sentenças foram testadas em 36 sujeitos (20 adultos e 16 crianças); o tempo de leitura e os erros cometidos foram apurados e a média de velocidade de leitura e os erros foram analisados. Trinta e oito sentenças foram selecionadas para a construção do protótipo (MNREAD-P). Foram excluídas sentenças com alta e baixa média de velocidade de leitura, alto desvio padrão e sentenças com erros repetidos cometidos pelos sujeitos. Validação: Vinte sujeitos com visão normal (logMAR 0 ou mais, com a melhor correção) foram testados na tabela MNREAD-P e leram um texto de leitura do dia-a-dia. A velocidade de leitura em palavras/minuto foi medida na tabela e no texto. RESULTADOS: As sentenças da tabela MNREAD-P são suficientemente consistentes para medidas confiáveis da habilidade de leitura. A velocidade de leitura do texto (logMAR = 0,6) foi 197,8 palavras/minuto e a velocidade máxima na tabela MNREAD -P foi 200,1 palavras/minuto. A correlação entre as duas medidas foi r = 0,82. CONCLUSÕES: A tabela MNREAD-P foi testada em sujeitos com visão normal e os resultados foram os mesmos da "Minnesota Low Vision Reading Test" original e a velocidade de leitura foi estatisticamente equivalente à da velocidade de leitura do texto.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Reading , Vision Tests/methods , Vision, Low/diagnosis , Visual Acuity/physiology , Brazil , Language , Reproducibility of Results , Size Perception , Time Factors , Translations , Vocabulary , Vision Tests/standards
19.
Psicol. teor. pesqui ; 21(2): 157-162, maio-ago. 2005. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-415489

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o papel das instruções de julgamento e de informações pictóricas de profundidade na percepção de tamanho relativo. No experimento, os observadores escolheram qual dentre dois retângulos (estímulo-padrão e teste) apresentados na tela de um computador era o mais alto. Os observadores foram divididos em grupos de acordo com as instruções de julgamento (aparente ou objetivo) recebidas e o tipo de gradiente de textura no qual eram apresentados os estímulos. Os julgamentos não foram afetados pela textura, mas predominantemente pelas instruções experimentais. Instruções de julgamento aparente apresentaram maiores erros relativos e favoreceram a subestimação de tamanho do estímulo-teste, enquanto instruções de julgamento objetivo favoreceram a superestimação de tamanho. A presença da linha do horizonte promoveu maior acurácia nos julgamentos de tamanho relativo. Instruções de julgamento e altura do horizonte mostraram-se, portanto, como fatores importantes na determinação dos julgamentos de tamanhos relativos percebidos visualmente.


Subject(s)
Adult , Visual Perception , Distance Perception , Official Instructions , Size Perception
20.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 66(supl.5): 53-61, set.-out. 2003. ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-360367

ABSTRACT

To reach for and grasp an object, its distance, shape and size must be known. In principle, the combination of disparity and motion information could be used to provide this information as the perception of object shape from disparity is biased and the perception of object size from motion is indeterminate. Here we investigate whether the visual system can take advantage of the simultaneous presence of both cues of both cues in the control of reaching and grasping. For both real and virtual objects, peak grip aperture scaled with object size and peak wrist velocity scaled with object distance. Kinematic indices, which reflect distance reached and perceived size, showed clear and systematic biases may be interpreted as arising from the biases in the use of binocular disparity, and the indeterminacy of the information provided by motion. Combining disparity and motion information improved estimates of the width, but not the depth or distance of objects. Overall, these results suggest that accurate metric depth information for the control of prehension is not available from binocular or motion cues, either in isolation or in combination.


Subject(s)
Humans , Distance Perception , Size Perception , Vision Disparity
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